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I've just watched a RUclips video from Matt Geevan, a retired engineer who thinks that these objects were used for sending encoded messages between military commanders. For me, his explanation - with practical demonstrations - seems the most credible yet. I'm not 100% convinced, but pretty close.

There is a book called The Keys to Avalon that postulates that “The Wall of Severus” is actually Offa’s Dyke, because the Roman description of the mysterious wall of Severus runs “from sea to sea”. Are they wrong in assuming that the wall of Severus is north-south, but could be your southwest-northeast orientation?

What a fun piece of history.

Not convinced at all. A military ditch that was supposed to do what later walls did would be monumental in size, or pointless. It would surely leave ample evidence today easily seen at least in part by LIDAR. I have never heard of such.

Talking about connections to the Fosse way..if you extend it down from Ilchester to Axmouth/Seaton that would be a good fast link from the sea into the heart of the country dont you think Paul ?.

Fascinating! Thanks for that video!

Thanks for sharing your research and opinions.

A road called the Fossway in Newcastle runs parallel to Hadrian's wall on the northern side, the obvious side for a defensive ditch

I am sorry but a ditch is not a wall.🤔

Superb, bloody superb😊

We had a toll bridge up here in the Fylde in Lancashire crossing the river Wyre from Singleton to Hambleton. I worked in Pilling further north for several years so crossed it regularly. The sands of the estuary are dangerous with shifting areas of sinking sand so a ford was out of the question. There was a ferry from Fleetwood to Knott end at the river mouth but to get over't' Wyre without using the toll you would have to drive a long route round using the A6 several miles away. The newer road bridge is no longer a toll road. en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shard_Bridge

Thank you for a wonderful presentation

Roman roads had reflective cats eyes???

The plant at 13:55 looks like Giant hogweed, or it could be Queen Anne’s Lace or something similar, touching the plant is for a bad day for a long time. Check with the government body if it is. That ditch seems inefficient, why build such a ditch. Thank you explaining this cool history. Have a great day.

As someone who lives in one of the insignificant villages you mentioned (my address has Fosse Way in it), I take offence at being labelled as such! We’ve got 2 rubbish bins for the public to use and a closed down pub, what else do you need? 😂

The excavations at Fosse Lane in the 1990's are very interesting. A sizeable settlement was found unknown until then with hardly any grand buildings, mainly supporting agriculture. The archaeology also showed that Roman era crops were badly infested with the same weeds that modern farming contests with.

Omg, people it was used to make gloves made of leather or mittens or whatever material, the finger part in sewing the fingers was difficult. The cube helps you take yours Fingers & stick in each hole as you see it has different sizes in the cube & sew up the leather around the fingers & then attached the fingers you sowen to the palm part, this way you have a glove or mitten that is fitted perfect. Your 🙏 oh, how do i know? My mom is big in sewing & saw something she had that look closely to the what cube look like.

What Have the Romans Ever Done for Us?

Great video Paul, thought provoking as always.

@9:34 "ruled by client kings". Wasn't that how the British Empire worked in India, but with local princes? What were the Romans gaining from ruling Britain? Somewhere to send potentially troublesome young officers?

Interesting. I've heard the theory that the Fosse Way formed some sort of early boundary to Roman Britain, whether as a road, ditch or mound, before. It makes sense, but its an awful lot of effort to design and build a 120 mile feature that I imagine the Romans would expect to become redundant quite quickly (I'm assuming that the Romans did have an overall plan to take over all of the UK eventually rather than the SE only). But if the Fosse Way was abandoned very quickly after construction after Roman Britain expanded, it seems remarkable that so much of it survives today - I'd have thought it would have decayed back into the landscape after a few decades (like abandoned railways do - at least those in the flatlands which didn't have massive earthworks to remind us of their presence). The real mystery is just how the Romans were able to lay out the Fosse Way so accurately over such distances. Surely, they must have had some form of cartographic skills with some idea of the actual positions of settlements to even make a start.

7:33 - that's a new suffix for a place with a Roman fort...

Alfred Heneage Cocks recorded finds like no one else around him at the time. Where exactly on the site, exactly how deep it was when found etc. While the other “archaeologists” were not much more than fame seeking treasure hunters, cocks recorded finds from a Roman villa in incredible detail. I believe that Mr Cocks and Mr Hodgens might have been great colleagues, if indeed they had ever met. I’m told by Google that the yew-den villa dig site and the amazing work of AH Cocks done in 1912 is mentioned in an episode of Digging for Britain - which I will watch after this. 🙂

The Romans inherited these roads

WHOA! The Fosse was NOT a wall, or even a frontier. The Romans did not yet use linear frontiers when the road was built; rather, it was a transverse strategic highway linking diverging lines of communication from the main port at Richborough and fanning out from London, while Roman armies were occupying the Southwest, Wales, and then advancing North-where over subsequent generations they failed to conquer Scotland. THEN they built walls-but also continued to operate beyond them…

How is a ditch a wall?

Cycled from Exeter to Lincoln following the Foseway as closely as possible a few years ago. What really surprised me was how hilly it is. Especially from Canards Grave in Somerset to The Gibb in Wiltshire. Somehow our brains seem to equate straight with flat. No so..in fact far from it. At times I found myself thinking how did non motor powered carts ever get up that? Or, How did a cart ever stop going down that?

note to Paul: it's Cirencester, not Cirenctser

Very interesting. I wonder how we can discover more about this 'ditch' - also impressive use of graphics -

I always thought it was very odd that the mighty Romans would build a road that ran contrary to the direction if their main power base. Most of their roads expand in a radial pattern emanating out of Dover and anything 90° to this radial pattern of roads indicates some form of barrier or block that was deliberately put in place to indicate a boundary.

I wonder how many 'locals' of Britannia left with the Romans?

I understood the Fosse Way was a road to allow the Romans to rapidly move troops along the boundary between conquered Britain and unconquered Britain to maintain their control.

How wonderful to hear route pronounced properly, unlike this creeping Americanism of “rout”. What were they thinking over there in the US?

Did Romans refer to Cirencester as Cirencetser then or was Paul's spell checker just not turned on? I always thought it was Corinium anyway....

Paul, you listed "Stationary" as a cost. What? As in "Not moving". Did you mean Stationery? Like envelopes? The way to remember: E for envelope.

How long is a kilometer in miles? 'old person talking'. 🙂

Led up the garden path? More likely, up the Roman road.!

It could be used for surveying or producing geodesic objects. The dihedral angle between faces of a regular dodecahedron is approximately 116.57°, which can be used as a reference angle. The angles between vertices can be used for specific angle measurements. As a template for creating pentagonal shapes or structures.

Fascinating, thank you Paul.

Anyone who is interested in this period of history will know the importance of Mount Badon. Where is it Paul?

cant those with the equipment , undertake a Geo-physical scan across various sections of the Foss Way ?

Fascinating as always

Not roman, london was new troy hardly roman

great stuff

Don't want to be a smart arse but if i were Roman and involved with bringing Britannia under control i would connect Exeter and York too it makes perfect sense. I am struggling with the idea that the Fosse way was overly a defensive structure as the evidence is simply too lean. Also i feel that the political situation was in flux enough to propose a specific use but would then be abandoned as it would be deemed as not worthy to the end game.

"In the Western Range you can still see part of the Roman 3rd century Foss Way road incorporated in its foundations through a section of glass flooring." www.lincoln.gov.uk/st-marys-guildhall

The section of track way with the cats eye and old tarmac has been repaired work to the track from motor bike traffic, nothing to do with the fosse way just purely for repair.

BANNA ! The Dacians Fort on the wall of Hadrian. Banna-Birdoswald, Britannia-UK. English Heritage: "In the ruins of a Roman fort, located in Birdoswald in Great Britain, vestiges were discovered that show that there was originally a cohort of Dacian soldiers recruited after Dacia - present-day Romania - was partially conquered by the Romans in 106 AD. Hr. and were incorporated into the Roman army. It was permanently stationed at Fort Banna (Birdoswald, Cumbria) on Hadrian's Wall from 126 to at least 276/82, where it is attested by numerous inscriptions and funerary stelae. The regiment bears the epithet Aelia= Elite, a title given by Emperor Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus). This fortress - Banna - was built and inhabited by 1000 soldiers from COHORS I AELIA DACORUM, recruited by the Roman emperor Hadrian from Dacia (present-day Romania) in 120-125 AD, to fight against the Scots, Jutes and Picts from the north. They always won. '' '' They were remarkable warriors. They fought without fear of death and died laughing because they believed that their souls were immortal. The title "Aelia" itself was a great honor, for it derives from the entire name of Emperor Hadrian, a name that could be won only because of a military or cultural service out of the ordinary. At first they were sent to the Wall, in an outpost called Bewcastle, to fight first with the barbarian tribes. Send somehow to the sacrifice. At a fort located in an open, wilderness, without a wall, without forests, without anything around. That, precisely because they knew their courage and devotion in the fight. They were supposed to die, but they did not die. Then they came here to Banna, and they lived here until the end. They got lands, rights, ranks. They have remained forever there in their city. Yes. They were undoubtedly among the best fighters brought here to fight at Hadrian's wall. These are facts, certainties, "says the archaeologist Robin Birley ''' , British archaeologist Director of Excavations at the Roman site of Vindolanda research committee . Romania is the ancient Dacia . The Dacians , our ancestors.. . Răspunde

I've heard of it, but totally forgot about it. Until you mentioned it by actual name, I had simply forgotten it. Kind of on point if you think about it. Thanks for this)